Science & Research
Educational resources on peptide chemistry, handling protocols, and research applications. Written for scientists, by scientists.
What are peptides? A complete guide
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They play critical roles in biological signaling, immune response, and cellular repair. This guide covers the basics of peptide chemistry, synthesis methods, and why they matter in modern research.
Understanding HPLC purity in peptide analysis
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is the gold standard for measuring peptide purity. Learn how it works, what the purity percentage really means, and how to interpret a Certificate of Analysis chromatogram.
Peptide storage and handling best practices
Improper storage can degrade peptide integrity within days. Temperature, light exposure, moisture, reconstitution technique, and freeze-thaw cycles all matter. Follow these protocols to preserve your compounds.
BPC-157: research overview and mechanisms
BPC-157 is one of the most studied peptides in regenerative research. Derived from gastric juice, it has been investigated for its effects on tendon, muscle, and gut tissue in numerous preclinical studies.
GLP-1 receptor agonists: Tirzepatide, Retatrutide, and beyond
The GLP-1 class has transformed metabolic research. From semaglutide to the triple-agonist retatrutide, these peptides target incretin pathways involved in glucose regulation and appetite control.
How to reconstitute lyophilized peptides
Step-by-step guide for reconstituting freeze-dried peptide powders using bacteriostatic water. Covers proper technique, dosing calculations, and storage after reconstitution.
Growth hormone secretagogues: Ipamorelin, GHRP-2, GHRP-6
GH secretagogues stimulate the pituitary to release growth hormone naturally. This article compares the selectivity, potency, and side effect profiles of the most commonly researched GHRPs.
Cosmetic peptides: GHK-Cu, Snap-8, and Epithalon
Copper peptides and neuropeptides have gained massive interest in anti-aging skincare research. Learn about the mechanisms behind GHK-Cu collagen synthesis, Snap-8 wrinkle reduction, and Epithalon telomere activation.
TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4 in tissue repair research
TB-500 is a synthetic version of thymosin beta-4, a protein involved in cell migration and blood vessel formation. Widely studied for wound healing and recovery applications.
NAD+ and cellular energy: what the research says
NAD+ is a coenzyme found in every living cell, essential for energy metabolism and DNA repair. Its decline with age has made it a focal point of longevity research.
Why peptide purity matters for your research
A 95% pure peptide is not the same as a 99% pure one. The remaining impurities can include truncated sequences, oxidized forms, and deletion variants that affect research results.
Semax and Selank: nootropic peptides in cognitive research
Both developed in Russia for clinical use, Semax and Selank are among the most studied neuropeptides. They differ in targets: Semax focuses on BDNF, Selank on GABA modulation.
PT-141 (Bremelanotide): melanocortin receptor research
PT-141 is a melanocortin receptor agonist originally derived from Melanotan II research. It is the only peptide in its class that acts on the central nervous system rather than the vascular system.
Cagrilintide: long-acting amylin analog for weight research
Cagrilintide is a synthetic amylin analog being studied for appetite suppression. When combined with semaglutide, preclinical data suggests enhanced weight reduction compared to either compound alone.
Bacteriostatic water: what it is and how to use it
Bacteriostatic water is sterile water with 0.9% benzyl alcohol added as a preservative. It is the standard solvent for reconstituting lyophilized peptides in a research setting.
AOD-9604: the GH fragment studied for fat metabolism
AOD-9604 is a modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 176-191). Unlike full GH, it has been studied specifically for its lipolytic activity without affecting blood sugar or growth.
How to read a Certificate of Analysis (COA)
A COA contains HPLC purity data, mass spectrometry results, endotoxin testing, and batch information. This guide walks through each section and what to look for when evaluating peptide quality.
Peptide dosage calculations for research protocols
How to calculate concentrations after reconstitution, convert between mg and mcg, and determine the volume per dose for common research peptides. Includes worked examples.